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+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "id": "bac1d62f",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# STL - Part 2 : More Containers & Algorithms"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "id": "efdc5616",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### Sets"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "id": "c2848a05",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "0 appears 0 times\n",
+ "1 appears 1 times\n",
+ "2 appears 1 times\n",
+ "3 appears 0 times\n",
+ "4 appears 1 times\n",
+ "5 appears 1 times\n",
+ "6 appears 0 times\n",
+ "7 appears 1 times\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#include <iostream>\n",
+ "#include <set>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "std::set< int > s = {1, 7, 4, 8, 2}; // create a set container and fill it\n",
+ "\n",
+ "s.insert(5); // insert another element\n",
+ "s.insert(4);\n",
+ "\n",
+ "// check how often an element is inside the set\n",
+ "for ( int i = 0; i < 8; ++i ) {\n",
+ " std::cout << i << \" appears \" << s.count( i ) << \" times\\n\";\n",
+ "}"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "id": "44573775",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "**Remarks:**\n",
+ "- Although we inserted **4** twice it is only stored once in the set datastructure. Just like a mathematical set a ```std::set``` can contain a specific object only once.\n",
+ "- Hence, ```count()``` will always return either 0 or 1.\n",
+ "- This shows that ```std::set``` is no sequence container.\n",
+ "- Instead it stores its elements in a **sorted** fashion. This guarantees logarithmic complexity for element access."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "id": "a415d236",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Of course we can store various kinds of objects in a set ..."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "id": "2213e98e",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "struct myPair {\n",
+ " myPair( int fir, int sec ) : fir_( fir ), sec_( sec ) {};\n",
+ " int fir_;\n",
+ " int sec_;\n",
+ "};\n",
+ "\n",
+ "std::set< myPair > pairs; "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "id": "725387bc",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "... but there is a caveat. Check what happens, when we try to insert an object of type ```myPair``` into the set:"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "id": "e62cf3d6",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "pairs.insert( myPair(1,2) );"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "id": "2ee8f731",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "What went wrong?\n",
+ "\n",
+ "As the set stores its elements in an **sorted** fashion it needs some way to **order** them.\n",
+ "By default a ```<``` relation is used.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "That does not work for our ```pair``` datatype.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Need to define a comparison operator for the class.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "There are plenty ways of doing that. Below we will use a free function for it."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "id": "e8c29594",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Overwriting demo.cpp\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "%%file demo.cpp\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#include <iostream>\n",
+ "#include <set>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "struct myPair {\n",
+ " myPair( int fir, int sec ) : fir_( fir ), sec_( sec ) {};\n",
+ " int fir_;\n",
+ " int sec_;\n",
+ "};\n",
+ "\n",
+ "// our comparison function: will return true, if the square of the values\n",
+ "// in left is smaller than that in right\n",
+ "bool cmp( const myPair& left, const myPair& right ) {\n",
+ " int val1 = left.fir_ * left.fir_ + left.sec_ * left.sec_;\n",
+ " int val2 = right.fir_ * right.fir_ + right.sec_ * right.sec_;\n",
+ " return val1 < val2;\n",
+ "}\n",
+ "\n",
+ "int main() {\n",
+ " \n",
+ " // create two objects\n",
+ " myPair p1( 1, 2 );\n",
+ " myPair p2( 3, 4 );\n",
+ "\n",
+ " // compare them\n",
+ " std::cout << \"p1 < p2 is \" << cmp( p1, p2 ) << std::endl;\n",
+ " std::cout << \"p2 < p1 is \" << cmp( p2, p1 ) << std::endl;\n",
+ "\n",
+ " // a free function in C/C++ is represented by the address of its machine code in memory;\n",
+ " // we can pass that info as a second template argument;\n",
+ " // decltype returns the type of an expression\n",
+ " std::set< myPair, decltype( cmp )* > pairs ( cmp );\n",
+ "\n",
+ " // now insertion will work\n",
+ " pairs.insert( p1 );\n",
+ " pairs.insert( p2 );\n",
+ "\n",
+ " std::cout << \"done with set demo\" << std::endl;\n",
+ "}"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "id": "0a0207dd",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "!g++ demo.cpp"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "id": "68e1df4b",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "p1 < p2 is 1\n",
+ "p2 < p1 is 0\n",
+ "done with set demo\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!./a.out"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "id": "f8b3109b",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "**Note:** \n",
+ "The STL offers a variant **```std::unordered_set```** that stores its elements in an unsorted fashion. However, that would not solve our problem. Instead of a **comparison** we then would need to implement a **hashing function**."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "id": "59ab93ca",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "***\n",
+ "The way we added the new element in the example, i.e. via\n",
+ "\n",
+ "```pairs.insert( myPair(1,2) );```\n",
+ "\n",
+ "again induced a copy operation. As with ```vector``` and ```list``` we could use ```emplace()``` instead."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 37,
+ "id": "bdda6c33",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Overwriting demo.cpp\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "%%file demo.cpp\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#include <iostream>\n",
+ "#include <set>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "struct myPair {\n",
+ " myPair( int fir, int sec ) : fir_( fir ), sec_( sec ) {\n",
+ " std::cout << \"(\" << fir_ << \",\" << sec_ << \") constructed\" << std::endl;\n",
+ " };\n",
+ " \n",
+ " int fir_;\n",
+ " int sec_;\n",
+ "};\n",
+ "\n",
+ "// our comparison function: will return true, if the square of the values\n",
+ "// in left is smaller than that in right\n",
+ "bool cmp( const myPair& left, const myPair& right ) {\n",
+ " int val1 = left.fir_ * left.fir_ + left.sec_ * left.sec_;\n",
+ " int val2 = right.fir_ * right.fir_ + right.sec_ * right.sec_;\n",
+ " return val1 < val2;\n",
+ "}\n",
+ "\n",
+ "int main() {\n",
+ " \n",
+ " std::set< myPair, decltype( cmp )* > pairs( cmp );\n",
+ "\n",
+ " pairs.emplace( 1, 2 );\n",
+ " pairs.emplace( 3, 4 );\n",
+ " pairs.emplace( 1, 2 );\n",
+ "}"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "id": "8099d1a4",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "!g++ demo.cpp"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "id": "5d491b27",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "(1,2) constructed\n",
+ "(3,4) constructed\n",
+ "(1,2) constructed\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!./a.out"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "id": "8e256275",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### Associative Containers\n",
+ "\n",
+ "> Quoting Wikipedia:\n",
+ ">\n",
+ "> In computer science, an **associative array**, **map**, **symbol table**, or **dictionary** is an abstract data type composed of a collection of (key, value) pairs, such that each possible key appears at most once in the collection. Not to be confused with Associative Processors\n",
+ ">\n",
+ "> Operations associated with this data type allow to:\n",
+ ">\n",
+ ">- add a pair to the collection;\n",
+ ">- remove a pair from the collection;\n",
+ ">- modify an existing pair;\n",
+ ">- lookup a value associated with a particular key.\n",
+ "\n",
+ " \n",
+ " "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "id": "f6269079",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "id": "59839aea",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "C++14",
+ "language": "C++14",
+ "name": "xcpp14"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": "text/x-c++src",
+ "file_extension": ".cpp",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-c++src",
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+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}